# Graphene

(This example details the calculation from the Tutorial/Getting Started)

### The TB-model for Graphene¶

The electronic structure of graphene is well described by a simple tight-binding model that only uses one $$p_z$$ orbital in a hexagonal unit cell with two equivalent carbon atoms. These atoms are located on the different subbattices, A and B, and don't have an on-site energy term.

Though the model is relative simple, it is used suite often in the literature.

#### Lattice¶

The code below illustrates the building of the pb.lattice for graphene:

• define the parameter ($$t$$ in $$eV$$)
• define the vectors of the unit-cell ($$\vec a_1$$ and $$\vec a_2$$ in units of $$a$$, length of the unit-cell)
• create a pb.lattice-object
• define the on-site energies
• define the hopping parameters
• 1 normal hopping within the unit cell
• 2 rotated hopping $$\pm 2 \pi/3$$ to neighbouring cells
• return the pb.lattice-object to be used by KITE
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 def graphene_lattice(onsite=(0, 0)): """Return lattice specification for a honeycomb lattice with nearest neighbor hoppings""" # parameters a = 0.24595 # [nm] unit cell length a_cc = 0.142 # [nm] carbon-carbon distance t = 2.8 # eV # define lattice vectors a1 = a * np.array([1, 0]) a2 = a * np.array([1 / 2, 1 / 2 * np.sqrt(3)]) # create a lattice with 2 primitive vectors lat = pb.Lattice(a1=a1, a2=a2) # add sublattices lat.add_sublattices( # name, position, and onsite potential ('A', [0, -a_cc/2], onsite[0]), ('B', [0, a_cc/2], onsite[1]) ) # Add hoppings lat.add_hoppings( # inside the main cell, between which atoms, and the value ([0, 0], 'A', 'B', -t), # between neighboring cells, between which atoms, and the value ([1, -1], 'A', 'B', -t), ([0, -1], 'A', 'B', -t) ) return lat 

We can visualize this lattice using the following code:

 1 2 3 lat = graphene_lattice() lat.plot() plt.show() 

### KITE part¶

#### Settings¶

We can make the kite.Calculation-object

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 configuration = kite.Configuration( divisions=[64, 64], length=[512, 512], boundaries=["periodic", "periodic"], is_complex=False, precision=1 ) calculation = kite.Calculation(configuration) calculation.dos( num_points=4000, num_moments=256, num_random=256, num_disorder=1 ) 

#### Calculation¶

Now, run the KITEx program and the KITE-tools.

#### Visualization¶

 1 2 3 4 5 6 import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt data = np.loadtxt('dos.dat') plt.plot(data[:,0], data[:,1]) plt.show()